Hollow fiber membranes are becoming popularity in wastewater treatment applications due to their superior efficiency and flexibility. These membrane structures consist of miniature fibers arranged in a bundle, providing a large surface area for purification processes. The structured nature of hollow fibers allows for efficient removal of contaminan

PVDF membrane bioreactors represent a promising technology for wastewater remediation. These processes offer several strengths, including efficient removal rates of biological pollutants, minimal sludge generation, and enhanced water quality. Furthermore, PVDF membranes are known for their durability, making them suitable for long-term operation. T